The goal is to examine recent major advancements in how innate immune cells, microorganisms, and the environment contribute to the manifestation of allergic illness, with a focus on allergen-related signals that drive allergy reactions. In the last few years, significant progress has been made in understanding how innate immune cells like innate lymphoid cells group 2 and airway epithelial cells, as well as related molecular pathways via organismal proteinases and innate immune cytokines like thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-25, and IL-33, contribute to allergy and asthma. Concurrently, significant progress has been made in the knowledge of how the environment, particularly pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, helminths, and notably fungus generated from natural and manmade habitats, promote or inhibit allergic inflammation and illness. The mechanisms by which lipopolysaccharide mediates its antiallergic impact via the ubiquitin modifying protein A20, as well as the antiallergic activity of both helminths and protozoa, are of particular interest.
Innate immune cells and molecular pathways, which are frequently triggered by allergen-derived proteinases acting on airway epithelium and macrophages, as well as other unknown variables, are critical in the manifestation of allergic inflammation and illness. These findings point to a plethora of future research options as well as novel avenues for therapeutic intervention in allergy illness.
