A South Carolina policy offering Medicaid reimbursement for immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) was linked to a drop in preterm births and low birth weight, researchers found.
Unintended pregnancies and short-interval births, in which individuals get pregnant again shortly after giving birth, are associated with both low birth weight and preterm birth, and, among Medicaid-paid births, 80% of pregnancies that occur within the first six months of childbirth are unintended, Maria W. Steenland, SD, of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, Lydia E. Pace, MD, MPH, of Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, and Jessica L. Cohen, PhD, of Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston, explained in JAMA Pediatrics.
In 2012, South Carolina’s Medicaid program began reimbursing hospitals for giving new mothers immediate postpartum LARC—such as intrauterine devices and contraceptive implants—in an effort to stem rates of unintended or short-interval pregnancies, with other state Medicaid programs following suit in the years that followed. Steenland, Pace, and Cohen conducted an analysis to assess the associations between South Carolina’s LARC policy and infant outcomes in Medicaid-paid childbirths taking place after March 2012.
The study authors found that “South Carolina’s policy to begin Medicaid reimbursement for immediate postpartum LARC was associated with a decrease in the probability of having a subsequent preterm birth and of having a low-birth-weight birth. The policy was also associated with a decrease in the probability of having a short-interval birth and an increase in days between births among non-Hispanic Black individuals. This study also found an association between this policy and the probability of having another birth within 4 years in the full population, but significant differences in trends for this outcome before the policy change should be considered when inferring policy impact for this outcome.”
“Steenland et al have contributed an important link between policy and subsequent preterm delivery and low-birthweight infants within an early adopter state of this policy change,” Tracey A. Wilkinson, MD, MPH, and Jeffrey F. Peipert, MD, PhD, both of Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis, wrote in an accompanying editorial. “As evidence continues to mount in support of these efforts and these policies are further implemented, attention to delivering equitable, patient-centered care must be the focus to guarantee further benefits for all people and their communities.”
For their population-based cohort study, Steenland and colleagues linked data from South Carolina’s Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office with births from Inpatient Hospitalization Encounter-Level Data to identify Medicaid-paid births taking place between January 2009 and December 2015 in a hospital that implemented immediate postpartum LARC reimbursement, defined as any hospital that provided at least 1% of postpartum people an immediate LARC in any post-policy year.
The main study outcomes included immediate postpartum LARC uptake, subsequent birth within 4 years, subsequent short-interval birth, days to subsequent birth, and subsequent preterm and low birth weight within 4 years.
The total study sample included 186,953 births paid for by Medicaid from January 2009 through December 2015 in South Carolina; of these, 105,843 took place after implementation of the LARC policy, and 46,414 (24.8%) took place in hospitals that had implemented immediate postpartum LARC. Among implementing hospitals, 44.5% of patients were non-Hispanic Black, 39.2% were non-Hispanic White, 12.5% were Hispanic, and 3.9% were other or unknown race.
Steenland and colleagues found that the policy was associated with a 5.6 percentage point increase in the probability that a mother would receive an immediate postpartum LARC (95% CI, 3.7-7.4), “with significantly larger effects for non-Hispanic Black individuals than non-Hispanic White individuals (difference in coefficients 3.54; 95% CI, 1.35-5.73; P=0.002),” they wrote.
The policy was also associated with a 0.4 percentage point (95% CI, −0.7 to −0.1) decrease in the probability of a subsequent preterm birth among patients at implementing hospitals, along with a 0.3 percentage point (95% CI, −0.7 to -0.1) decrease in the probability of a subsequent low-birth-weight birth.
“No significant difference in the association between the policy and preterm birth or low-birth-weight birth between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White individuals was found,” they added. “The policy was associated with a 0.6–percentage point (95% CI, −1.2 to −0.1) decrease in the probability of short-interval birth and a 27-day (95% CI, 11-44) increase in days to next birth among non-Hispanic Black individuals.”
The policy was also associated with a significant decrease in the probability of subsequent birth overall, though the study authors noted that confidence in this result “is attenuated somewhat by nonparallel trends for this outcome before the policy change.”
Steenland and colleagues noted that there are a few potential mechanisms by which South Carolina’s LARC policy might affect rates of preterm birth and low birth weight:
- The declines may result from an overall decrease in births within the 4-year follow-up; however, they noted that “as the trends in this outcome were not parallel before the policy change, this study cannot identify the degree to which a decline in births contributed to improved birth outcomes.”
- Improved birth outcomes may be the result of decreases in short-interval births. “While no significant associations with short-interval births were found in the full population, among non-Hispanic Black individuals, who had higher rates of immediate postpartum LARC uptake than non-Hispanic White individuals, the policy was associated with a significant decrease in short-interval births,” they wrote.
- The policy may have affected “the intendedness of subsequent pregnancies, leading to healthier behaviors before and during pregnancy, such as early initiation of prenatal care.”
Regardless, the study authors noted that while immediate postpartum LARC has promising downstream associations with infant health, experts have raised concerns that the recent push to implement LARC may have caused contraceptive counselors to overemphasize the practice. And, if biased counseling is permitted to become a norm, it could potentially exacerbate racial disparities in health care.
“Biased counseling practices could undermine trust in family planning health care professionals and programs, particularly among racial and ethnic minority groups, perpetuating a long-standing history in the U.S. of reproductive coercion and oppression,” Steenland and colleagues wrote. “…It is essential that immediate postpartum LARC policy implementation be grounded in principles of patient-centeredness and antiracism to ensure efforts meant to increase the availability of immediate postpartum LARC do not reduce contraceptive autonomy. Further, large racial disparities in infant outcomes persist in South Carolina and nationally, and policy efforts that directly address disparities in birth outcomes are needed.”
Wilkinson and Peipert agreed with the study authors.
“Knowing the baseline disparities in these particular outcomes, this particular attention to implementation efforts is essential to assure that racial disparities are not exacerbated,” they wrote. “In fact, racial disparities with regard to infant mortality are increasing in states like South Carolina and so efforts to assure that implementation is centered on these values is vital. This ultimately means that plans to increase access to contraception should emphasize availability while avoiding coercion, and if a patient ultimately decides to discontinue a method, enable that to occur easily and seamlessly, including LARC device removal,” they wrote.
Study limitations included a lack of data on pregnancy intention, abortion, and patient-reported outcomes; a lack of data on infant mortality from death records; use of a conservative threshold (1%) to categorize hospitals into the implementing group; and that the study only offers evidence at the population level “and does not provide evidence to guide individual decision-making about how long to wait before becoming pregnant after childbirth,” they wrote.
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South Carolina’s policy to reimburse hospitals for immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception was associated with lower rates of subsequent preterm and low-birth-weight births.
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While these study results support increased access to effective postpartum contraception to improve birth outcomes, expanded access will have to focus on assuring comprehensive access to contraception without coercion.
John McKenna, Associate Editor, BreakingMED™
Research reported in this article was supported by the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development.
Steenland was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health.
Peipert served on an advisory board for Bayer and CooperSurgical and has received research support from Merck, Bayer, and CooperSurgical/Teva.
Cat ID: 191
Topic ID: 83,191,585,730,191,41,192,925
