Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the well-established etiologic factor for cervical neoplasia. Cervical conization constitutes an effective treatment for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-CIN). We conducted an observational study for long-term outcomes and HPV genotype changes after conization for HG-CIN. Between 2008 and 2014, patients with newly diagnosed HG-CIN before conization (Surveillance New [SN] group) and those who had undergone conization without hysterectomy (Surveillance Previous [SP] group) were enrolled. HPV testing and Pap smear were performed periodically for the SN and SP (collectively S) groups. All other patients receiving conization for HG-CIN during the study period were identified from our hospital database. Those eligible but not enrolled into this study were assigned to the non-Surveillance (non-S) group. For the S group (n = 493), the median follow-up period was 74.3 months. Eighty-four cases had recurrent CIN grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) (5-year cumulative rate: 14.8%), of which 6 had invasive cancer. Among the 84 patients, 65 (77.4%) exhibited type-specific persistence in the paired HPV results, whereas only 7 (8.3%) harbored new HPV types that belonged to the 9-valent vaccine types. Among the 7397 non-S patients, 789 demonstrated recurrent CIN2+, of which 57 had invasive cancer. The stages distribution of those progressed to invasive cancer in the non-S group were more advanced than the S group (P = 0.033). Active surveillance might reduce the severity of those progressed to cancer. Because a majority of the patients with recurrent CIN2+ had persistent type-specific HPV infections, effective therapeutic vaccines are an unmet medical need.
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