Optimal management of patients experiencing persistent low-level viremia (LLV) remains challenging and poorly understood. This study aimed to assess the association between poor antiretroviral treatment (ARV) adherence and persistent LLV. ADHELOW is a sub-study of the ECHEC cohort comprising HIV-infected adults with virological failure (viral load>50 copies/mL). Patients were recruited in 2013-2015 from 4 French university hospitals. Those with LLV (i.e., ≥2 viral load measurements between 50 and 500 copies/mL) were selected and matched on age and sex to 3 controls with virological suppression. The adherence rate was estimated using pharmacy-delivered prescription refills over one year. Overall, 60 patients were included (15 LLV and 45 controls). Mean age was 50.20 years, M/F sex ratio was 14 and mean EPICES (social deprivation) score was 42.90. In univariable analyses, LLV patients had significantly lower adherence (<80%: 53.30% vs. 6.67%, 40.2 (60.00% vs. 24.44%,  < 0.01). In multivariable analysis, these two variables remained significantly associated with LLV (OR 31.49, CI 95% [4.54-218.70]) and OR 11.00 (CI 95% [1.87-218.70], respectively). Poor long-term treatment adherence, estimated by prescription refills, was strongly associated with LLV. This reinforces the message that adherence counseling should be the primary intervention to overcome LLV.

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