The relationship of whole grain intake with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains uncertain.
This study aimed to evaluate the association between whole grain intake and the risk of CKD in Chinese adults.
The present cross-sectional study utilized data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) conducted in 2009. Whole grain intake was measured using three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls and a household food inventory. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of CKD. Additionally, a restricted cubic spline was used to investigate the dose‒response relationship between whole grain and the risk of CKD.
A total of 6747 participants were included, 728 of whom had CKD. Compared to those in the lowest whole grain intake group, those in the higher grain intake group had an inverse association with the risk of CKD (Q2: adjusted OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.54-0.89; Q3: adjusted OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.42-0.69; Q4: adjusted OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.21-0.41). The association between whole grain intake and CKD seems to be stronger for individuals who were male (P for interaction = 0.008) or smokers (P for interaction = 0.013). In addition, the restricted cubic spline suggested an obvious L-shaped correlation.
Elevated whole grain intake was associated with a decreased risk of CKD among Chinese adults.
Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.
